论城市环境建设中的生物多样性保护

城市建设的核心内容之一是城市环境建设 ,评价城市环境建设与城市环境质量优劣的重要指标之一是城市生物多样性保护现状。在分析我国城市环境建设现状、问题的基础上 ,阐述了作好生物多样性保护的意义与对策。     

基于FTA-Petri网的地铁火灾事故安全性研究

鉴于城市轨道交通安全的复杂性及重要性,应用FTA-Petri综合分析方法对城市轨道交通系统安全性进行分析并构建轨道交通系统火灾事故安全性模型。该模型具有FTA与Petri网方法的优点。在利用传统的FTA方法深入分析火灾事故原因的基础上,选择典型的火灾事故成因,利用Petri网方法动态模拟火灾事故发生的过程;借鉴已有的概率计算方法对所建立的火灾Petri网模型进行定量求解分析;最后,针对分析结果提出可行性方案。提出将FTA-Petri综合分析方法应用到城市轨道交通安全领域,在地铁火灾安全性定量分析方面作出了探索性的研究。     

光源和溶剂对十溴联苯醚光降解的影响

研究了不同光源和溶剂对十溴联苯醚(DecaBDE)光降解特性的影响,并对其降解产物进行了探讨.结果表明,在所试光源和溶剂条件下,DecaBDE均有一定程度的光降解,且都近似符合一级降解动力学.同一光源下,不同溶剂对DecaBDE降解表现出不同的影响.在太阳光照射下,DecaBDE降解速率为甲苯>甲醇>正己烷>正己烷/丙酮>甲醇/水>乙醇/水;在模拟光源照射下,DecaBDE降解速率为甲苯>甲醇>甲醇/水>乙醇/水>正己烷>正己烷/丙酮;在紫外光照射下,DecaBDE降解速率为甲苯>甲醇>正己烷/丙酮>正己烷>甲醇/水>乙醇/水.同一溶剂中,DecaBDE降解速率均为紫外光>太阳光>模拟光源.尽管光源和溶剂对DecaBDE降解速率产生了一定影响,但降解途径基本一致,均为DecaBDE经光解脱溴产生低溴联苯醚.     

Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens in Barcelona,Spain: Insights for policy and planning

In many European cities, urban gardens are seen as increasingly important components of urban green space networks. We adopt an ecosystem services framework to assess contributions of urban gardens to the quality of of their users. First, we identify and characterize ecosystem services provided by urban gardens. Secondly, we assess the demographic and socioeconomic profile of its beneficiaries and the relative importance they attribute to different ecosystem services. Next we discuss the relevance of our results in relation to critical policy challenges, such as the promotion of societal cohesion and healthy lifestyles. Data were collected through 44 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 201 users of 27 urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain, as well as from consultation meetings with local planners. We identified 20 ecosystem services, ranging from food production over pollination to social cohesion and environmental learning. Among them, cultural ecosystem services (non-material benefits people derive from their interaction with nature) ​ stand out as the most widely perceived and as the most highly valued. The main beneficiaries of ecosystem services from urban gardens are elder, low-middle income, and migrant people. Our results about the societal importance of urban gardens ​were deemed highly relevant by the interviewed green space planners in Barcelona, who noted that our data can provide basis to support or expand existing gardening programs in the city. Our research further suggests that ecosystem services from urban gardens can play an important role in addressing several urban policy challenges in cities, such as promoting stewardship of urban ecosystems, providing opportunities for recreation and healthy lifestyles, and promoting social cohesion. We conclude that urban gardens and associated ecosystem services can play an important ​ in urban policies aimed at enhancing quality of life in cities, particularly if access to their benefits is expanded to larger segments of the population.     

Industrial pollution transport. Part 1. Formulation of the problem and air pollution estimates

A pollution transport problem is formulated in a limited area. As the pollution sources we take emissions from industrial plants. Physically and mathematically suitable conditions are prescribed on the open boundaries. We show that the problem (as well as its adjoint) is well posed in the sense that a weak solution exists, is unique and depends continuously on its data. Direct and adjoint estimates of the average pollution concentration in an ecologically important zone are given, and the sensitivity of these estimates to perturbations in model parameters is analyzed.     

Role of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents in reactions of amines with CO2: A computational study

Various computational methods were employed to investigate the zwitterion formation,a critical step for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO_2,in five solvents(water,monoethanolamine,propylamine,methanol and chloroform) to probe the effect of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents on the reaction of amine with CO_2 occurring in the amine-based CO_2 capture process.The results indicate that the zwitterion can be formed in all considered solvents except chloroform.For two pairs of solvents(methanol and monoethanolamine,propylamine and chloroform) with similar dielectric constant but different hydrogen bond capacity,the solvents with higher hydrogen bond capacity(monoethanolamine and propylamine) facilitate the zwitterion formation.More importantly,kinetics parameters such as activation free energy for the zwitterion formation are more relevant to the hydrogen bond capacity than to dielectric constant of the considered solvents,clarifying the hydrogen bond capacity could be more important than dielectric constant in determining the kinetics of monoethanolamine with CO_2.     

应对流域生态补偿机制的环境监测

结合中国流域生态补偿有关政策和实施情况,阐述了环境经济新政策对环境监测提出的新要求。环境监测是成功实施流域生态补偿机制的前提和基础,必须对生态环境“说得清、说得早、说得细”,才能为补偿资金的核算提供公正依据。指出应对流域生态补偿机制开展环境监测,目前在点位设置、监测手段、质量控制等方面还存在一些问题,现行的一些技术方法与之还不相适合,现有的监测能力也难以满足,这些都需要及时解决。根据生态补偿机制要求,提出加强监测能力建设、开展水环境优先监测及应用技术研究等对策。     

呼伦贝尔市环境问题现状及对策初探

通过对呼伦贝尔市自然条件、资源储备、生态环境的调查,分析该市在水环境、大气环境、固体废物排放以及生态环境等方面的污染现状,指出该市在环境保护方面所面临的问题,并选择适当的预测方案,预测在未来五年各类环境污染所带来的压力;探讨该市在水、大气、固废、生态环境等方面的优势及劣势,并在此基础上提出了解决对策。在环境规划中应该把握好经济发展与环境保护并重的方向,明确地方环境问题,有针对性地开展规划工作,重点地解决环境污染问题,因地制宜地开展环境保护与规划工作。     

中国防治荒漠化对策

我国防治荒漠化的体制障碍是：由荒漠化定义的多样性导致的政出多门、数据多元、职责不明、功能不彰。本文对症下药给出了治标－调整职责和治本－重组机构两套方案。     

固废拆解业兴起的思考及对策

固废拆解业是一项将废旧电器及废旧五金等电子垃圾进行资源化处理的产业.然而,目前我国国内电子固废的回收网络的缺失、以及拆解企业的技术水平落后大大制约了这个行业的健康发展,同时带来的环境隐患也不容忽视.本文结合当地的实际情况,分析了制约固废拆解业发展的主要两人问题,并探索性的提出了相应的解决对策.